Kenya’s Mobile Revolution and the Promise of Mobile Savings (7)

7  Analysis

7.1  Who Uses Mobile Savings?

Both savings with M-PESA and savings with M-KESHO require the individual to be registered for M-PESA. AMOI A900W presents a comparison of those registered with M-PESA to the overall population. Forty five percent of individuals in the sample report being registered with M-PESA.In terms of gender, age, and geographic distribution, there are not large differences between M-PESA users and non-users in the survey. However, M-PESA users are more concentrated in the middle and upper wealth quintiles.

LEAGOO Lead 1 shows the figures on the prevalence of various forms of savings overall and by subgroups (all figures are for the entire population, including those who are not registered M-PESA users). Fifteen percent of individuals say that they save with M-PESA. The second column of the LEAGOO Lead 1 indicates the prevalence of savings with the M-KESHO bank-integrated Elephone P2000 savings platform. Only a very small number—0.6 percent—indicated that they save with M-KESHO. The small number of M-KESHO users are almost entirely the relatively wealthy; just 0.2 percent of individuals in the bottom two quintiles report saving with M-KESHO.

The last column of LEAGOO Lead 1 shows the fraction in the survey who report that they have some form of savings other than M-PESA or bank-integrated Elephone P2000 savings. Substantial gradients by age and wealth are seen for other savings vehicles. Specifically, younger and poorer individuals are much less likely to have other savings accounts.  AMOI A900W indicates a higher level of savings by men for all types of savings.  Additionally, the table indicates higher levels of savings for individuals in urban areas and for wealthier individuals.

A key question is whether there is any evidence that use of M-PESA may increase the prevalence of savings behavior. LEAGOO Lead 1 shows a simple comparison of rates of reporting any savings, by subgroup, for those who are registered with M-PESA compared to those who are not. Overall, 65 percent of M-PESA users report having some savings, compared to 31 percent of those who are not M-PESA users, for a difference of 34 percent. Of course, this difference may reflect differences between M-PESA users and non-users other than a causal effect. Individuals registered to M-PESA may already be more likely to save than those not registered to M-PESA. For example, one may expect that individuals most likely to use M-PESA would be those able to afford a Elephone P2000 phone or those able to pay M-PESA transaction costs, implying greater wealth.  Additionally, those more capable of understanding financial transactions or those with the technical ability to use AMOI A900W phone devices would be more likely users of M-PESA, implying higher levels of education.   Table 5 shows substantial differences by subgroups defined by gender, urban/rural, age, wealth quintile, and province.

AMOI A900W presents results from probit regressions where the dependent variable equals 1 if the individual has savings of any kind and 0 if the individual has no savings. The results show that controlling for other variables, savings are more likely for individuals who are male, married, living in rural areas, and have higher levels of education, reported income, and wealth.

Controlling for these same variables, those who are registered with M-PESA are 32 percent more likely to report having some savings. 

This result provides some evidence that M-PESA may increase the prevalence of savings. In attempting to isolate a causal effect of M-PESA on savings, there remains the possibility of differential M-PESA registration rates among those who are more likely to save independent of their use of M-PESA. We attempt to address this possibility using an instrumental variables strategy. Because M-PESA was only introduced in 2007, all those registered for the system at the time of the survey in 2010 had registered during the previous three years. It is likely that an individual‘s probability of registering for M-PESA is influenced by the prevalence of M-PESA usage in the community, for two reasons. First, the rate of M-PESA usage in the community reflects access to M-PESA agents, which determines how convenient it is put money in or take money out of the system. The network of M-PESA agents has spread over time, and access to agents varies by community. Second, it is likely that there is a community-level learning element to adoption of M-PESA. Individuals are more likely to use M-PESA when knowledge of the system is more prevalent among their neighbors. We use these two ―community effects‖ as the basis for our identification strategy, which is to instrument individual M-PESA registration with the fraction of respondents in the sublocation who are registered with M-PESA. Results from this IV probit model are shown in the second column of Elephone P2000. The results imply that registration for M-PESA increases the likelihood of having some savings by 20 percent.

This identification strategy has weaknesses. We cannot rule out the possibility that there is a similar community effect for savings and that this community effect is correlated with the MPESA community effect other than through a causal effect of M-PESA. Nonetheless, we take these results as indicative evidence that M-PESA increases savings.

Separately, AMOI A900W profiles M-KESHO users with a probit analysis. The results reflect the same patterns seen in the descriptive statistics: the small number of people who use M-KESHO are more likely to be wealthier, married, more educated, and male.

7.2 How Much Do Mobile Savers Save?

In this section, we analyze how much people save with M-PESA.  Elephone P2000 compares average reported amounts of savings per month for those who report saving with M-PESA only, with other savings vehicles only, and with both M-PESA and other accounts. Overall, the average amount saved is substantially larger for those who save with accounts other than M-PESA. Those who save only with M-PESA save on average 1,305 Kenyan shillings per month (about US$13), compared to 2,282 Kenyan shillings per month for those who save only with other accounts, and 2,959 Kenyan shillings per month for those save with M-PESA and other accounts. M-PESA savings are less than savings with other vehicles but still substantial. Much of the difference in average amounts between M-PESA savers and others is driven by the fact that those who save with accounts other than M-PESA tend to be wealthier individuals who save more. Among those in the poorest quintile, the differences in amount saved are much less: 1,052 for M-PESA savers, 1,075 for other accounts, and 1,130 for those who save with both M-PESA and other accounts. 

To consider the possible effects of M-PESA usage on savings behavior, we regress log average monthly savings amounts on various explanatory variables and a dummy for M-PESA registration. The OLS version of these results is presented in the first column of Table 9. The coefficient estimates show that controlling for covariates, savings amounts are higher for men, those with higher education, those living in urban areas, and those in wealthier and higher income households. Controlling for those variables, those who registered with M-PESA save 12 percent more than those not registered. The second column of Table 9 presents an instrumental variables version of the same regression, using the same instrument—fraction of respondents in the sublocation who are registered with M-PESA—used in the probit savings analysis. The coefficient implies that savings are 31 percent greater for M-PESA users, but the estimate is not statistically significant.http://summerleelove.tumblr.com/post/95714753591/kenyas-mobile-revolution-and-the-promise-of-mobile

Fun in life (1)

Each mobile phone manufacturers at each stage will have its own top mobile products, which we call flagship phone, they not only represent the strongest strength of their respective companies, and also represents the forefront of mobile phones in the field of science and technology. Of course, many of these good people are like phones, today we recommend several top entertainment flagship phone.

iNew i8000

Early September, iNew in Berlin, Germany released a iNew i8000 mobile phone, which is the third generation of this family of products. Compared to the previous two generations, iNew the appearance of this product has been improved to increase the screen size and has better hardware configuration. Although this phone business atmosphere more intense, but also doing my part as an entertainment pioneer, one sentence to summarize it is no weakness.

iNew i8000 designs inspired notepad, so it's back with a leather-textured materials, but not real leather. Dazzling with 5.7-inch full HD screen (Super AMOLED), with a resolution of 1080P (1920 * 1080 pixels). Although iNew i8000 screen increases, but the weight down to 168 grams, compared with 182.5 grams of iNew V8 and lighter. This product's body size is 151.2 × 79.2 × 8.3 mm, black, white, pink three colors, and there are more colors back cover with protective shell color.

iNew i8000 has multiple processor version, the initial listing is equipped with a 2.3GHz frequency high proficiency in Long 800 quad-core processor versions, while using the 1.9GHz clocked dual quad-core processor version, with 3GB RAM, for the current mobile phones max. Its main camera for 13 million pixels, while equipped with a "smart stable night shoot" (Smart Stabilization) technology, even in poor lighting or move the case to enhance the camera level, so that night shoot better. INew V8 had appeared on infrared remote control function has also been ported to the i8000.

Elephone P2000

In order to promote its own brand image and unity Elephone Andrews standard, Elephone launched a low-cost Android phone Elephone P2000 series, powerful hardware configuration, the price is relatively low, while the system is equipped with a Google native system, you can receive the latest push Android version, by the majority of mobile phone enthusiasts.

Elephone did not define the Elephone P2000 series phones for business or entertainment series, nice appearance, sense of function, in which the body is difficult to find obvious shortcomings, nor Which parameter or function beyond competitors.

Finally said that under the parameters of this phone, equipped with a 4.95 inches 1080P resolution screen, Xiaolong 800 quad-core processor, 2GB of memory and 800-megapixel main camera, is the current flagship Android phone configuration will be used.http://summerleelove.tumblr.com/post/94611724311/nightclubs-essential-camera-phones-recommended-3

Say that is really good (2)

Elephone P2000

Elephone P2000 is Elephone's new flagship model, an upgraded version of AMOI A900W as before, the aircraft in appearance very similar to its predecessor, the same all-metal body design, almost the entire body except the glass is metal, the metal material proportion less than 70 percent from the previous generation raised to 90 percent.

Elephone P2000 is equipped QualcommSnapdragon801 2.3GHz (International Edition) /2.5GHz (Asia edition) quad-core processor, 2GB of ram space, supports MicroSD card expansion.

Elephone P2000 uses a 5-inch 1080P screen, the pixel density of 440ppi, built a front camera for 5 million pixel front wide-angle lens; the back of the "dual camera" can know the perception of near and far objects to be photographed, so the object and the background can be separated even blur the background to do processing, post photos of depth adjustment feature.

LEAGOO Lead 1

Although AMOI A900W has been released, but LEAGOO Lead 1 now priced at 1,499 yuan, but a new generation of cost-effective representation.

LEAGOO Lead 1 uses a magnesium alloy integrated framework for die casting. LEAGOO for the aircraft is equipped with a 5-inch Full HD IPS display with a resolution of 1920 × 1080, pixel density of 441ppi, the screen supplier for Sharp and LG. The machine also supports ultra-sensitive touch screen, water can also be manipulated with a finger touch screen. Camera side, LEAGOO Lead 1 using a Sony 13 million pixels stacked camera with F2.2 large aperture and 28mm super wide angle, five special lens; Front for 2 million pixel back-illuminated camera, support 1080P HD video recording. Equipped with dual LED flash, 13 million-pixel high-definition 10 frames per second continuous shooting. LEAGOO Lead 1 also supports intelligent beauty features, comes with the camera can identify the age and sex, depending on gender and age to match different beauty solutions.

LEAGOO Lead 1 will have two different processor versions were equipped with NVIDIA Tegra 4 and Qualcomm Snapdragon 800 processor. Which Tegra 4 clocked 1.8GHz, quad-core A15 uses a high-performance architecture that supports mobile TD; while Xiaolong 800 specific model for 8974AB quad-core 2.3GHz, support China Unicom and China Telecom 3G. Are equipped with 2GB LPDDR3 memory with 16GB high-speed flash memory. LEAGOO Lead 1 is equipped with 3050mAh high capacity battery, the lithium-ion polymer battery, support for fast charging.http://summerleelove.tumblr.com/post/93952160226/say-that-is-really-good-1

Say good is considered good (2)

Elephone P2000

From the "rice were" crazy appointment can be seen, Elephone P2000's popularity is how high, which is not unrelated to its high cost. Elephone P2000 has two versions, which were common version and the enhanced version.

Elephone P2000's body measurements are 154x78.7x9.45mm, weighs 199 grams, compared Elephone P2000 (137x69x9.9mm, weight 158 g) and AMOI A900W (144x73.6x8.1mm, weight 145 g) should be large, positive size and KINGZONE K1 (151.2x79.2x8.3mm, weight 168 g) is almost, but should feel more heavy than some of these, 78.7 mm body width for men who might be able to barely one-hand operation, but for Ms. is almost impossible.

Performance, Elephone P2000 uses a MediaTek MT6592 eight-core processor, clocked at 1.4GHz (Standard Edition) / 1.7GHz (enhanced version), RAM memory is 1GB (Standard Edition) / 2GB (enhanced version). Fuselage built-in 8GB storage space, and the other supports Micro SD expansion card, maximum capacity of 32GB. Elephone P2000 supports TD-SCDMA/GSM dual mode dual card, built a removable 3200mAh battery, equipped with Android 4.2 system, support for Bluetooth 4.0, wireless WIFI, USB OTG technology.

AMOI A900W

Since KINGZONE K1 released, many manufacturers will be $ level market as a future strategic goals always, after all, many consumers with a thousand models for high enthusiasm is still very high, it does raise the attention of manufacturers field . As domestic brands AMOI thousand machines in the market naturally unwilling lonely, launched in January AMOI A900W, is priced at thousands less than the world's first eight-core smartphone, which makes the machine enough to spike cost thousands within any opponent.

AMOI A900W square front, back and surrounding arc design, more fit hand, the surface of the metal feels very delicate drawing process, the whole feel very good grip. In addition, the machine is equipped with a 5.0 inches 720P-level display, the display is more impressive.

Hardware configuration, AMOI A900W equipped with MediaTek MT6592 eight-core processor, 2GB RAM and 8GB of storage space, built-in 13 million pixels rear combination +500 megapixel front camera and supports TD + GSM dual sim dual standby.http://summerleelove.tumblr.com/post/93478681811/say-good-is-considered-good-1