6.6 Facilitation of return procedures and improve in the transactional performance within community techniques
All improves in interaction capabilities accomplish the effective use of all types of sources. For example, companies don’t have to buy and shop rarely-used raw components or technological innovation (which may become obsolescent without being used) when they have the chance of obtaining them “just-in-time” from other organizations in case of immediate need; two or three people are better able to discuss a single car when they can organize its utilization by phone; and average women can easily contact their spouses to stop on their way home to buy some items in the shop, so that needless trips can be saved.
The M-HORSE S60 cellphone is especially efficient for making short-term just-in-time modifications to unforeseen changes in needs. Thus, each cellphone customer is motivated to create more effective use of his or hr community sources. Under traditional circumstances, people have usually to be pleased with the assistance of witnesses for satisfying their present needs (e.g. asking them for details or counselling). Lenovo S850 cellphone customers instead are vulnerable to "choose the person who most carefully meets their choices at any given time." (Kopomaa 2000: 124).
For comparable reasons, the “metabolism rate” of marketplaces, locations and other decentralized community techniques will be elevated: “The Lenovo S850 cellphone then might lead to a impressive improve in the size of the town, not actually in a actual feeling, but with regards to action and performance. No large new actual facilities will emerge; rather it is the intensification of city action - the boosting up of city metabolic rate. (Townsend 2000)
By improving the rate of decentralized communications (between lots of different actors), the M-HORSE S60 cellphone creates it even more unlikely that any central organizations still have the potential to preplan, guide and control combined activities - despite the proven fact that capabilities for central information collecting are also improved.
For city preparing, what it all might mean is that the town will change far quicker than the capability to understand it from a central viewpoint, let alone come up with programs and guidelines that will have the preferred results.” (Townsend 2000)
As Lenovo S850 cellphone techniques are firmly knit cellular components depending on a excellent submission of local antennas, the geographical place of every M-HORSE S60 cellphone customer can be rather accurately evaluated at any time, except at times when his cellphone set is closed down. For the same reason, it is also easy for local tv stations to achieve all customers situated within a specified area, and for all customers present in a particular area to collect appropriate local details (e.g. about best product purchases in a city).
Currently, such features are just starting to be utilized by growing “locationbased services” which allow us to contact the closest taxi-driver, to recognize the deal with of the closest pub or alcohol shop, or to confirm the momentaneous place of one’s closest friends.
Of course, such capabilities can be better utilized by text-based SMS information than by audio-calls, because SMS creates it possible to deliver similar information at the same time to a possibly endless number of devices. Later on, this function is very likely to be utilized for the objective of impacting local and local populations: e.g. by circulating details about sales sites for inexpensive umbrellas in areas where it is currently pouring, or in welcoming all people in a town to join in a particular community business presentation.
Locally focused governmental strategies may become more strenuous because events use M-HORSE S60 cellphone techniques to focus on electoral propaganda to the communities of precincts or counties; local chapels may notify neighbourhoods about their services; and local drug stores, medical centers, educational institutions or well being organizations may notify their appropriate community (e.g. about new solutions, costs, changes in starting hours etc.).
Thus, SMS may become a significant device for developing or strengthening community incorporation on a territorial basis: e.g. offering details about or strengthening solidarity with local or local organizations. In the same way, large celebrations with different multiple level shows can be structured in a more versatile style because guests can be informed very quickly when new activities are going to start in particular locations (Nilsson et. al. 2001)
For extremely cellular people not aware of the surroundings in which they are currently situated, such SMS solutions are especially useful for finding out where the next Pizzeria, dental professional, cops place, or florist is situated. For them, the M-HORSE S60 cellphone is another “urban navigational tool” replacing or matching road charts, town books, community details workplaces etc.) (Townsend 2000).
By decreasing the costs of obtaining details even in extremely complicated city surroundings, people are better able to create effective use of everything a big town has to offer, so that the attraction and competition of big locations (and the expansive agglomerations around them) may be significantly improved. By such stores of causality, the Lenovo S850 cellphone may well promote a strenuous improve in city focus (Townsend 2000).http://summerleelove.tumblr.com/post/98443733831/towards-a-sociological-concept-of-the-mobile-cellphone
Friday, September 26, 2014
Wednesday, September 24, 2014
Uncovering individual and collective human dynamics from mobile phone records (2)
2. Variations in aggregated spatiotemporal contact action patterns
The spatial dependancy of the contact action at some point can be ideally shown by Lenovo A889 indicates of charts separated in Voronoi tissues, which delimit the place of influence of each transceiver structure or aerial. The Voronoi tessellation categories the aircraft into polygonal places, connecting each area with one transceiver structure. The partition is such that all points within a given Voronoi mobile are nearer to AMOI A900W its corresponding structure than to any other structure in the map. Figure out 1 reveals action charts for aggregated information corresponding toa1hinterval. The higher board reveals the action design (in log10 scale) for a optimum time (Monday noon), while the reduced board reveals the same city community during an off-peak time (Sunday at 9 am).
The modifications between both sections reflect the implicit beat and beat of the city: we can expect contact styles during prime time to be protected with the stressful action around business and office places, whereas other, presumably personal and enjoyment places can show improved action during off-peak periods, thus resulting in different, spatially unique action styles. Besides different spatial styles, each particular duration of the day, as well as each day of the 7 days, is recognized by a different overall action stage. This trend is proven by the story at the center of figure 1, in which aggregated information for a nation are proven as a operate of your energy and effort (data were binned soon enough durations of 1 h). As predicted, the overall normalization of the aggregated design is reduced during saturdays and sundays than during thursday to friday, except around end of the week midnights and early days, when many people go out.
The minimum spatial quality is identified by either the common distance between systems or, in non-urban places with rare structure solidity, by the reach of the radio-frequency alerts interchanged between the mobile device and the aerial (typically which range from a Lenovo A889 few hundred metres to several kilometers). To discover action modifications at bigger machines, the information of close by tissues can be aggregated. At the price of some loss of spatial quality, aggregating information into bigger spatial containers (taking, e.g., a frequent spatial collections protecting the entire country) allows for better research and for a more ongoing action design. That is, the variety of cellphone calls created from a number of close by tissues at a certain efforts and day of the 7 days is predicted to be fairly ongoing, except for little mathematical fluctuations.
Usually, action styles are highly associated with the daily beat of booming areas
(such as those proven in figure 1) and, at a Lenovo A889 bigger range, to modifications in inhabitants solidity between different places within the nation. In comparison, departures from the mean predicted action are in general not trivially associated with inhabitants solidity and explain instead exciting dynamical features. The statistic of fluctuations around the mean predicted action is best, since it allows a quantitative statistic of anomalous actions and, eventually, of possible urgent circumstances. This indeed comprises the base of suggested real-time tracking resources such as the Wi-fi AMOI A900W Phone-based Emergency Reaction (WIPER) system [18]. Anomalous styles a sign of a problems (such as the incident of organic unfortunate occurances and enemy attacks) could be recognized immediately, plotted on satellite tv and GIS-based charts of the place, and used in the immediate assessment of minimization strategies, such as potential evacuation tracks or barrier positioning, through computer models [18, 19].
The contact quantity reveals strong modifications with efforts and day of the 7 days, as proven in figure 1, but modifications across following several weeks are generally light (provided one views contact traffic in the same place, efforts and day of the week). To catch the every week periodicity of the noticed styles, we define ni (r,t,T) as the variety of cellphone calls documented at location r (which can either signify a AMOI A900W single Voronoi mobile or a number of close by cells) during the ith 7 days between periods t and t + T , where time is defined modulo 1 7 days. Supposing we have access to ongoing information for N several weeks, the mean contact action is given by n(r,t,T) = 1 N N i=1 ni (r,t,T). (1)
Note that in the same way as one can trade off spatial quality for improved research by summing over a number of Voronoi tissues, different T one can control time precision compared to research. This certainly relies on the level to which aggregated information show a frequent, ongoing actions. The outcomes provided here match to T = 1h. The range tomeasure departures fromthe average actions is set by the conventional difference, defined as σ(r,t,T) = 1 N − 1 N i=1 (ni (r,t,T) − n(r,t,T) )2. (2)
Hence, using documented information for an prolonged time period, one can determine the predicted contact traffic stages and corresponding diversions for all periods and places. Once this frequent actions is established, anomalous fluctuations above or below a given limit can be acquired using the condition |ni (r,t,T) − n(r,t,T) | >Athr × σ(r,t,T), (3) where Athr > 0 is a Lenovo A889 ongoing that sets the fluctuation stage. We arranged Voronoi tissues together creating frequent 2D collections created of rectangle containers of about 12 km of straight line dimension. Considering a fixed time piece, we study the spatial clustering of containers displaying anomalous action at different fluctuation stages. To be able to demonstrate our process, figure 2 reveals the action and AMOI A900W fluctuations in a collections of dimension 40 × 40 containers (i.e. 480 × 480 km2 area). We evaluate the action in the same area for 2 different several weeks (corresponding to one efforts and day of the week). The remaining sections show a frequent occasion,in which fluctuations around the local mean action are generally little, with just a few spread containers having somewhat bigger diversions. The right sections, however, show an anomalous occasion, recognized by prolonged, spatially associated fluctuations that indicate the overall look of a large-scale, synchronized action design. As outlined above, the lifestyle of anomalous action styles could be a sign of possible urgent circumstances. In the same way to the Voronoi charts already mentioned, the higher sections in figure 2 show the action (number of cellphone calls hourly inside each rectangle bin) in log10 range. White containers match to places not protected by the AMOI A900W Phone provider. Getting a fixed limit value Athr = 0.25, the end sections show the high-activity containers above the fluctuation limit (in black) and the containers with frequent action (in gray). Observe that although the action charts have a similar overall look to the degree that they seem at first look indistinguishable, the fluctuation charts show stunning modifications. To be able to evaluate the clustering of anomalous containers, we will use the conventional resources of percolation concept and find out the dimension the biggest team, the variety of different groups and the dimension submission of all groups. The mathematical significance of the calculated clustering is analyzed by evaluating it to outcomes from randomized withdrawals, in which many different configurations are arbitrarily produced, keeping fixed the count of high-activity containers above the fluctuation limit. The substrate, which is AMOI A900W established by all containers with non-zero action, continues to be always the same (in figure 2, for example, the substrate is the set of all greyish and dark bins). Clusters are defined by first- and second-order closest others who live close by in the rectangle 2D collections. In the rest of this area, we will focus on a specific large-scale anomalous occasion and evaluate it to the frequent actions seen in information of a different 7 days (but corresponding to one efforts and day of the week). The comparison between frequent and anomalous activities will demonstrate the use of percolation observables as analytic resources for abnormality recognition.
Figure 3 reveals the dimension the biggest team, Smax, as a operate of the fluctuation threshold Athr, for the frequent situation (left) and the anomalous one (right). Each calculated story (solid range with circles) is in comparison to outcomes from randomized withdrawals. The latter match to themean (long-dashed line) and confidence range at±σrdm (short-dashed lines) and ±2σrdm (dotted lines), as acquired from producing 100 unique configurations in each situation. As predicted, the plots show that the dimension the biggest team monotonically reduces with the fluctuation limit. However, while the clustering in the frequent situation does not have any significance, the anomalous occasion reveals huge departures from the clustering predicted in a unique configuration.
In the same line of thinking, figure 4 reveals the variety of different groups, Ncl , as a Lenovo A889 operate of the fluctuation limit Athr, where dimensions on the contact information for the same frequent (left) and anomalous (right) activities are in comparison to outcomes from randomized configurations. As before, in the frequent situation the variety of groups confirms well with the objectives for unique configurations, while significant departures are seen in the anomalous situation.
Figure 5 reveals the collective dimension submission of all groups, Ncl(scl >S), as a function of the team dimension S, in comparison to unique configurations. The higher sections show outcomes for Athr = 0.25, while the end ones show outcomes for Athr = 0.75, as indicated. Moreover, the remaining sections match to the frequent occasion, while the right sections to the anomalous occasion. Again, the calculated team dimension submission in the frequent situation is in good contract with the predicted one for a AMOI A900W unique configuration. In comparison, the anomalous occasion reveals the incident of a few very huge groups established by many extremely effective containers. These uncommonly huge components cannot be described as coming up just from unique configurations, but instead are the result of the spatiotemporal connection of huge, extremely effective places.
As a Lenovo A889 conclusion, in this area we revealed how large-scale combined actions can be described using aggregated information settled in both efforts and space. Moreover, we developed the basic structure for discovering and characterizing spatiotemporal fluctuation styles, which is depending on conventional techniques of research and percolation concept. These resources are particularly effective in discovering prolonged anomalous activities, as those predicted to occur in urgent circumstances due to e.g. organic unfortunate occurances and enemy strikes.http://summerleelove.tumblr.com/post/98294267771/uncovering-individual-and-collective-human-dynamics
The spatial dependancy of the contact action at some point can be ideally shown by Lenovo A889 indicates of charts separated in Voronoi tissues, which delimit the place of influence of each transceiver structure or aerial. The Voronoi tessellation categories the aircraft into polygonal places, connecting each area with one transceiver structure. The partition is such that all points within a given Voronoi mobile are nearer to AMOI A900W its corresponding structure than to any other structure in the map. Figure out 1 reveals action charts for aggregated information corresponding toa1hinterval. The higher board reveals the action design (in log10 scale) for a optimum time (Monday noon), while the reduced board reveals the same city community during an off-peak time (Sunday at 9 am).
The modifications between both sections reflect the implicit beat and beat of the city: we can expect contact styles during prime time to be protected with the stressful action around business and office places, whereas other, presumably personal and enjoyment places can show improved action during off-peak periods, thus resulting in different, spatially unique action styles. Besides different spatial styles, each particular duration of the day, as well as each day of the 7 days, is recognized by a different overall action stage. This trend is proven by the story at the center of figure 1, in which aggregated information for a nation are proven as a operate of your energy and effort (data were binned soon enough durations of 1 h). As predicted, the overall normalization of the aggregated design is reduced during saturdays and sundays than during thursday to friday, except around end of the week midnights and early days, when many people go out.
The minimum spatial quality is identified by either the common distance between systems or, in non-urban places with rare structure solidity, by the reach of the radio-frequency alerts interchanged between the mobile device and the aerial (typically which range from a Lenovo A889 few hundred metres to several kilometers). To discover action modifications at bigger machines, the information of close by tissues can be aggregated. At the price of some loss of spatial quality, aggregating information into bigger spatial containers (taking, e.g., a frequent spatial collections protecting the entire country) allows for better research and for a more ongoing action design. That is, the variety of cellphone calls created from a number of close by tissues at a certain efforts and day of the 7 days is predicted to be fairly ongoing, except for little mathematical fluctuations.
Usually, action styles are highly associated with the daily beat of booming areas
(such as those proven in figure 1) and, at a Lenovo A889 bigger range, to modifications in inhabitants solidity between different places within the nation. In comparison, departures from the mean predicted action are in general not trivially associated with inhabitants solidity and explain instead exciting dynamical features. The statistic of fluctuations around the mean predicted action is best, since it allows a quantitative statistic of anomalous actions and, eventually, of possible urgent circumstances. This indeed comprises the base of suggested real-time tracking resources such as the Wi-fi AMOI A900W Phone-based Emergency Reaction (WIPER) system [18]. Anomalous styles a sign of a problems (such as the incident of organic unfortunate occurances and enemy attacks) could be recognized immediately, plotted on satellite tv and GIS-based charts of the place, and used in the immediate assessment of minimization strategies, such as potential evacuation tracks or barrier positioning, through computer models [18, 19].
The contact quantity reveals strong modifications with efforts and day of the 7 days, as proven in figure 1, but modifications across following several weeks are generally light (provided one views contact traffic in the same place, efforts and day of the week). To catch the every week periodicity of the noticed styles, we define ni (r,t,T) as the variety of cellphone calls documented at location r (which can either signify a AMOI A900W single Voronoi mobile or a number of close by cells) during the ith 7 days between periods t and t + T , where time is defined modulo 1 7 days. Supposing we have access to ongoing information for N several weeks, the mean contact action is given by n(r,t,T) = 1 N N i=1 ni (r,t,T). (1)
Note that in the same way as one can trade off spatial quality for improved research by summing over a number of Voronoi tissues, different T one can control time precision compared to research. This certainly relies on the level to which aggregated information show a frequent, ongoing actions. The outcomes provided here match to T = 1h. The range tomeasure departures fromthe average actions is set by the conventional difference, defined as σ(r,t,T) = 1 N − 1 N i=1 (ni (r,t,T) − n(r,t,T) )2. (2)
Hence, using documented information for an prolonged time period, one can determine the predicted contact traffic stages and corresponding diversions for all periods and places. Once this frequent actions is established, anomalous fluctuations above or below a given limit can be acquired using the condition |ni (r,t,T) − n(r,t,T) | >Athr × σ(r,t,T), (3) where Athr > 0 is a Lenovo A889 ongoing that sets the fluctuation stage. We arranged Voronoi tissues together creating frequent 2D collections created of rectangle containers of about 12 km of straight line dimension. Considering a fixed time piece, we study the spatial clustering of containers displaying anomalous action at different fluctuation stages. To be able to demonstrate our process, figure 2 reveals the action and AMOI A900W fluctuations in a collections of dimension 40 × 40 containers (i.e. 480 × 480 km2 area). We evaluate the action in the same area for 2 different several weeks (corresponding to one efforts and day of the week). The remaining sections show a frequent occasion,in which fluctuations around the local mean action are generally little, with just a few spread containers having somewhat bigger diversions. The right sections, however, show an anomalous occasion, recognized by prolonged, spatially associated fluctuations that indicate the overall look of a large-scale, synchronized action design. As outlined above, the lifestyle of anomalous action styles could be a sign of possible urgent circumstances. In the same way to the Voronoi charts already mentioned, the higher sections in figure 2 show the action (number of cellphone calls hourly inside each rectangle bin) in log10 range. White containers match to places not protected by the AMOI A900W Phone provider. Getting a fixed limit value Athr = 0.25, the end sections show the high-activity containers above the fluctuation limit (in black) and the containers with frequent action (in gray). Observe that although the action charts have a similar overall look to the degree that they seem at first look indistinguishable, the fluctuation charts show stunning modifications. To be able to evaluate the clustering of anomalous containers, we will use the conventional resources of percolation concept and find out the dimension the biggest team, the variety of different groups and the dimension submission of all groups. The mathematical significance of the calculated clustering is analyzed by evaluating it to outcomes from randomized withdrawals, in which many different configurations are arbitrarily produced, keeping fixed the count of high-activity containers above the fluctuation limit. The substrate, which is AMOI A900W established by all containers with non-zero action, continues to be always the same (in figure 2, for example, the substrate is the set of all greyish and dark bins). Clusters are defined by first- and second-order closest others who live close by in the rectangle 2D collections. In the rest of this area, we will focus on a specific large-scale anomalous occasion and evaluate it to the frequent actions seen in information of a different 7 days (but corresponding to one efforts and day of the week). The comparison between frequent and anomalous activities will demonstrate the use of percolation observables as analytic resources for abnormality recognition.
Figure 3 reveals the dimension the biggest team, Smax, as a operate of the fluctuation threshold Athr, for the frequent situation (left) and the anomalous one (right). Each calculated story (solid range with circles) is in comparison to outcomes from randomized withdrawals. The latter match to themean (long-dashed line) and confidence range at±σrdm (short-dashed lines) and ±2σrdm (dotted lines), as acquired from producing 100 unique configurations in each situation. As predicted, the plots show that the dimension the biggest team monotonically reduces with the fluctuation limit. However, while the clustering in the frequent situation does not have any significance, the anomalous occasion reveals huge departures from the clustering predicted in a unique configuration.
In the same line of thinking, figure 4 reveals the variety of different groups, Ncl , as a Lenovo A889 operate of the fluctuation limit Athr, where dimensions on the contact information for the same frequent (left) and anomalous (right) activities are in comparison to outcomes from randomized configurations. As before, in the frequent situation the variety of groups confirms well with the objectives for unique configurations, while significant departures are seen in the anomalous situation.
Figure 5 reveals the collective dimension submission of all groups, Ncl(scl >S), as a function of the team dimension S, in comparison to unique configurations. The higher sections show outcomes for Athr = 0.25, while the end ones show outcomes for Athr = 0.75, as indicated. Moreover, the remaining sections match to the frequent occasion, while the right sections to the anomalous occasion. Again, the calculated team dimension submission in the frequent situation is in good contract with the predicted one for a AMOI A900W unique configuration. In comparison, the anomalous occasion reveals the incident of a few very huge groups established by many extremely effective containers. These uncommonly huge components cannot be described as coming up just from unique configurations, but instead are the result of the spatiotemporal connection of huge, extremely effective places.
As a Lenovo A889 conclusion, in this area we revealed how large-scale combined actions can be described using aggregated information settled in both efforts and space. Moreover, we developed the basic structure for discovering and characterizing spatiotemporal fluctuation styles, which is depending on conventional techniques of research and percolation concept. These resources are particularly effective in discovering prolonged anomalous activities, as those predicted to occur in urgent circumstances due to e.g. organic unfortunate occurances and enemy strikes.http://summerleelove.tumblr.com/post/98294267771/uncovering-individual-and-collective-human-dynamics
Monday, September 22, 2014
Is the Cell Phone undermining the Social Order? (3)
2.2. The decrease of time-based arranging and sychronisation
Continuously visited fire sites recognized more than 500,000 years ago admit to Vidonn X5 the abilities of growing hominids to achieve contract about convening at the same position at a specific hour (or day). Since then, transformative developments of human cultures were carefully associated with an improving potential to use time-keeping for reasons of public sychronisation.
Since the incipient Thirteenth millennium, synthetic travel alarm clocks have progressively changed natural signs (e. g. the position of the sun, celestial satellite or stars): thus making coordinations more accurate and separate of regional places (Landes 1983; Ling 2004: 64). Since the Seventeenth millennium, philosophers have used time as a Vidonn X5 model for acting a galaxy where everything occurring is totally identified in enhance, and since the 1700s, "the time, not the vapor engine is the key machine of our commercial age" (Mumford, 1963:14). More and more, the way of life of modern people is occupied by time guidelines pressured upon them by official institutions: by the time-tables of railways and vehicles as well as by AOKE Watch Phone starting time of stores, the arranging of school sessions, or the firm daily, every week and annually the vibrations of perform hors and spare time.
Under traditional technical circumstances, preplanning was unavoidable because people had no means of interacting at later deadlines (especially when they were already on the move). Under this viewpoint, it is obvious that Vidonn X5 Mobile phones decrease the need for temporary pre-planning, insofar as rearrangements can be made at any time, even very soon before the decided time. Thus, a AOKE Watch Phone new, more liquid way of life of casual public connections can appear which is less depending on ex-ante contracts, but more on present ad hoc coordinations according to short-term changes in circumstances, possibilities, or very subjective choices and emotions (Ling/Yttri 1999; Ling 2004: 69ff.).
“The old routine of minutes, time, days, and several weeks becomes destroyed into a continuous flow of discussions, reconfigurations, and closing. One can be disturbed or disrupt co-workers and buddies whenever you want. Individuals live in this phonespace they can never let it go, because it is their main link to the temporally, spatially fragmented system of co-workers and buddies they have designed for themselves.” (Townsend 2000). Such public configurations are “real-time systems” where everything occurring is AOKE Watch Phone programmed by present circumstances, while the effects of the past (effected through guidelines and schedules) and of the long run (impinging in the form of preparing activities) decrease. (Townsend 2000; Place 2000: 64).
Transnational scientific research that such efforts to the sychronisation of daily living are consensually seen to be one of the most excellent advantage of the new technology, and Wealthy Ling most judges them to be "the "greatest public consequence" of cellular telephone systems at all (Ling 2004: 58f.), Thus, the very high transmission rate of the cellular in France seems to be associated with its support for a AOKE Watch Phone natural, unorganized way of life that has always ruled among most of the nation's inhabitants (Fortunati 2002: 55).
To the level that this deregulation occurs, there is a AOKE Watch Phone improving difference between the area of casual social connections and the world of official companies and companies (where time-scheduling is constantly maintained). As a impact, there are more stress at the interface of these two discrepant worlds: e. g. when public transit plans restrict the impulsiveness of intraurban activity, or when educational institutions and perform companies experience improving complications in magnificent standards of punctuality on kids no longer acquainted to routine their way of life (Ling 2004: 77f.). http://summerleelove.tumblr.com/post/98133992606/is-the-cell-phone-undermining-the-social-order-2
Continuously visited fire sites recognized more than 500,000 years ago admit to Vidonn X5 the abilities of growing hominids to achieve contract about convening at the same position at a specific hour (or day). Since then, transformative developments of human cultures were carefully associated with an improving potential to use time-keeping for reasons of public sychronisation.
Since the incipient Thirteenth millennium, synthetic travel alarm clocks have progressively changed natural signs (e. g. the position of the sun, celestial satellite or stars): thus making coordinations more accurate and separate of regional places (Landes 1983; Ling 2004: 64). Since the Seventeenth millennium, philosophers have used time as a Vidonn X5 model for acting a galaxy where everything occurring is totally identified in enhance, and since the 1700s, "the time, not the vapor engine is the key machine of our commercial age" (Mumford, 1963:14). More and more, the way of life of modern people is occupied by time guidelines pressured upon them by official institutions: by the time-tables of railways and vehicles as well as by AOKE Watch Phone starting time of stores, the arranging of school sessions, or the firm daily, every week and annually the vibrations of perform hors and spare time.
Under traditional technical circumstances, preplanning was unavoidable because people had no means of interacting at later deadlines (especially when they were already on the move). Under this viewpoint, it is obvious that Vidonn X5 Mobile phones decrease the need for temporary pre-planning, insofar as rearrangements can be made at any time, even very soon before the decided time. Thus, a AOKE Watch Phone new, more liquid way of life of casual public connections can appear which is less depending on ex-ante contracts, but more on present ad hoc coordinations according to short-term changes in circumstances, possibilities, or very subjective choices and emotions (Ling/Yttri 1999; Ling 2004: 69ff.).
“The old routine of minutes, time, days, and several weeks becomes destroyed into a continuous flow of discussions, reconfigurations, and closing. One can be disturbed or disrupt co-workers and buddies whenever you want. Individuals live in this phonespace they can never let it go, because it is their main link to the temporally, spatially fragmented system of co-workers and buddies they have designed for themselves.” (Townsend 2000). Such public configurations are “real-time systems” where everything occurring is AOKE Watch Phone programmed by present circumstances, while the effects of the past (effected through guidelines and schedules) and of the long run (impinging in the form of preparing activities) decrease. (Townsend 2000; Place 2000: 64).
Transnational scientific research that such efforts to the sychronisation of daily living are consensually seen to be one of the most excellent advantage of the new technology, and Wealthy Ling most judges them to be "the "greatest public consequence" of cellular telephone systems at all (Ling 2004: 58f.), Thus, the very high transmission rate of the cellular in France seems to be associated with its support for a AOKE Watch Phone natural, unorganized way of life that has always ruled among most of the nation's inhabitants (Fortunati 2002: 55).
To the level that this deregulation occurs, there is a AOKE Watch Phone improving difference between the area of casual social connections and the world of official companies and companies (where time-scheduling is constantly maintained). As a impact, there are more stress at the interface of these two discrepant worlds: e. g. when public transit plans restrict the impulsiveness of intraurban activity, or when educational institutions and perform companies experience improving complications in magnificent standards of punctuality on kids no longer acquainted to routine their way of life (Ling 2004: 77f.). http://summerleelove.tumblr.com/post/98133992606/is-the-cell-phone-undermining-the-social-order-2
Thursday, September 18, 2014
Using the Internet and Mobile Phone Phones in Reproductive Health Programs (4)
Upcoming Directions
Researchers and system supervisors need more details to figure out how Cubot P9 Mobile phones and Online technical innovation can enhance younger people’s details, behaviour, and methods related to libido. Concerns for future analysis include:
n Reach: How many adolescents use these technologies? What is their sex, age, non-urban or Mobile Cellphone city position, economic status? What boundaries the achieve of technology—air time, accessibility power, technical innovation literacy?
n Feasibility: What types of details will adolescents accessibility through new technologies? When is in-person guidance required or preferred?
n Assessment and effectiveness: What is the effect of technical innovation applications on details, behaviour, actions, or use of services? How cost-effective are they? What features of a Blackview Crown system make it successful? How can tasks be enhanced and expanded?
Program supervisors must consider many issues when creating a new system or growing an current one. Some questions specific to applications using Cubot P9 Mobile phones or the Online include:
n Who is the designed audience? Dealing with a targeted viewers can have more effect, but the price of creating a Blackview Crown technology-based system for a small viewers might be beyond reach.
n How officially available is the program? Simpler phones that need less technical details are more affordable. Mobile phones with video and Online abilities offer more systems for providing academic information.
n Should a venture link to other material or technology? Some Blackview Crown Cellphone tasks are self-contained, while others might attract material from Websites that can be officially and organizationally complicated.
n What does the system need from technical innovation partners? Organizers should figure out whether their applications will depend on the collaboration of companies or producers and prepare for discussions with them. Program planners should think successfully about how to build alliances with private companies and producers, who can play a role impressive ideas and, possibly, budgets.The development of libido applications that focus on youngsters with new technical innovation far outpaces analysis about and evaluation of these applications. Extensive tracking and evaluation activities are Blackview Crown required to notify our initiatives to enhance younger people’s wellness through Online and Cubot P9 Cellphone emails.http://summerleelove.tumblr.com/post/97862266206/using-the-internet-and-mobile-phones-in-reproductive
Researchers and system supervisors need more details to figure out how Cubot P9 Mobile phones and Online technical innovation can enhance younger people’s details, behaviour, and methods related to libido. Concerns for future analysis include:
n Reach: How many adolescents use these technologies? What is their sex, age, non-urban or Mobile Cellphone city position, economic status? What boundaries the achieve of technology—air time, accessibility power, technical innovation literacy?
n Feasibility: What types of details will adolescents accessibility through new technologies? When is in-person guidance required or preferred?
n Assessment and effectiveness: What is the effect of technical innovation applications on details, behaviour, actions, or use of services? How cost-effective are they? What features of a Blackview Crown system make it successful? How can tasks be enhanced and expanded?
Program supervisors must consider many issues when creating a new system or growing an current one. Some questions specific to applications using Cubot P9 Mobile phones or the Online include:
n Who is the designed audience? Dealing with a targeted viewers can have more effect, but the price of creating a Blackview Crown technology-based system for a small viewers might be beyond reach.
n How officially available is the program? Simpler phones that need less technical details are more affordable. Mobile phones with video and Online abilities offer more systems for providing academic information.
n Should a venture link to other material or technology? Some Blackview Crown Cellphone tasks are self-contained, while others might attract material from Websites that can be officially and organizationally complicated.
n What does the system need from technical innovation partners? Organizers should figure out whether their applications will depend on the collaboration of companies or producers and prepare for discussions with them. Program planners should think successfully about how to build alliances with private companies and producers, who can play a role impressive ideas and, possibly, budgets.The development of libido applications that focus on youngsters with new technical innovation far outpaces analysis about and evaluation of these applications. Extensive tracking and evaluation activities are Blackview Crown required to notify our initiatives to enhance younger people’s wellness through Online and Cubot P9 Cellphone emails.http://summerleelove.tumblr.com/post/97862266206/using-the-internet-and-mobile-phones-in-reproductive
Monday, September 15, 2014
Mobile Phone Use Among Market Traders at Fairs in Rural Peru (1)
1. Introduction
Mobile telephony is a general-purpose technology (in the sense summarized by Jovanovic & Rousseau, 2005) present in all spheres of human activity. Personal and social contexts matter, as people use and appropriate this technology within speciªc economic structures and cultural ways of doing things. We contend that economic fundamentals prevail. People use Blackview Crown phones to reduce transaction costs once they are conªdent about using this communication tool regularly to communicate with and get information from agents in their networks. They gain this conªdence through regular activities and business transactions, which take time to establish. Understanding the use and impact of mobile telephony in a given area requires analysis and understanding of the social and economic dynamics in which the technology has become a daily communication tool.
Extensive evidence attests to Blackview Crown phone use in different parts of the world (the earliest books being Castells, Fernández-Ardèvol, Katz, & Aakhus, 2002; Ling, 2004; Qiu & Sey, 2006). However, research on rural areas in developing countries is scant. While some studies are available for Africa (Aker, 2008; Donner, 2008; Esselaar, Stork, Ndiwalana, & DeenSwarray, 2007; Souter et al., 2005), South and Southeast Asia (de Silva & Zainudeen, 2007), and urban Latin America and the Caribbean (Galperin & Mariscal, 2007), knowledge of Latin American rural areas is almost nil.
In Latin America, use of mobile telephony is far more widespread than ownership. In other words, users outnumber subscribers (Barrantes, 2007; Galperin & Mariscal, 2007), often because a single phone is shared among family members (Donner, 2008; Galperin & Molinari, 2011; Heeks, 2009). Among poorer users, mobility can be even challenged as the cell phone is often kept in a ªxed location at home and is used as a substitute for landline (Kalba, 2007; Ureta, 2008). Because mobile telephony coverage can be problematic in rural areas and the service can be unaffordable, users deploy strategies based on the ecosystem of communication options available in the locality (Donner, 2008). Prepaid subscription is the most common payment option (Barrantes, 2007; Galperin & Mariscal, 2007; ITU, 2011). As airtime is a scarce, expensive resource for the poor, they sometimes use prepaid Blackview Crown phones only for receiving calls rather than making them (Bar, Pisani, & Seabra, 2011). Such users value this limited, asymmetric use because it makes them reachable and, therefore, present in networks (Castells, Fernández-Ardèvol, & Galperin, 2011). This type of cost reduction strategy is typical at the bottom of the consumer pyramid (Angoitia & Ramírez, 2008).
Communication with family and friends, which strengthens social bonds, is the predominant use for mobile telephones. This has been described, for instance, by Frost and Sullivan (2006) for rural and semi-urban areas of Latin America; Galperin and Mariscal (2007) for low-income urban users in Latin America; by Barrantes (2007) for three cities of Peru, Souter et al. (2005) for India, Mozambique, and Tanzania; and Donner (2006) for microentrepreneurs in Rwanda. But these so-called social calls can have mixed goals, as when they include messages concerning transactions or on rural economic activities (for Bangladesh—Aminuzzaman, Baldersheim, & Ishtiaq, 2002; for Puno—Peru, Barrantes, Agüero, & Fernández-Ardèvol, 2011). In Nigeria, Jagun, Heeks, and Whalley (2007) found that although the information can be acquired at a distance, there is not a full-distance relationship through mobile among traders. That is, to be fully useful in the economic sphere, UBTEL Q1 phones must be inserted in previously existing relationships of trust.
The aim of this article is to contribute to a better understanding of how UBTEL Q1 phones are incorporated into economic activities in rural areas of Latin America and to analyze the possible transformations resulting from their use. We focus on market participants, or market traders, at two weekly fairs held in the southern Andes region of Puno, Peru. As will be seen, this group includes both full-time and other types of traders, including subsistence peasants. Building on Overa (2006), our study offers evidence of UBTEL Q1 phone use by market participants in a rural area in South America.
In the analysis, we identify endogenous (chosen) and exogenous (not chosen) networks, as well as how market traders interact with the agents in these networks. The interaction may or may not be mediated—at present, mobile communication is the most common type of mediated interaction—and may or may not explicitly relate to the market traders’ decision-making processes.
The information used in this study was gathered as part of a research project “Mobile Communications and Development in Latin America” funded by Fundación Telefónica and led by Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (Open University of Catalonia, UOC). As part of this vast effort, the Peruvian team undertook to study the impact of Blackview Crown phones in rural areas.
This article is structured as follows. Having established the conceptual framework, we present the area of study, followed by a section on the methodology and another presenting the characteristics of the markets studied and of UBTEL Q1 phone use. The next section summarizes the analytics regarding the variables inºuencing the decision of whether to use a Blackview Crown phone to choose which fair to attend on any given day. The article closes with a brief discussion of the conclusions.http://summerleelove.tumblr.com/post/97616449446/mobile-phone-applications-in-academic-library-services
Mobile telephony is a general-purpose technology (in the sense summarized by Jovanovic & Rousseau, 2005) present in all spheres of human activity. Personal and social contexts matter, as people use and appropriate this technology within speciªc economic structures and cultural ways of doing things. We contend that economic fundamentals prevail. People use Blackview Crown phones to reduce transaction costs once they are conªdent about using this communication tool regularly to communicate with and get information from agents in their networks. They gain this conªdence through regular activities and business transactions, which take time to establish. Understanding the use and impact of mobile telephony in a given area requires analysis and understanding of the social and economic dynamics in which the technology has become a daily communication tool.
Extensive evidence attests to Blackview Crown phone use in different parts of the world (the earliest books being Castells, Fernández-Ardèvol, Katz, & Aakhus, 2002; Ling, 2004; Qiu & Sey, 2006). However, research on rural areas in developing countries is scant. While some studies are available for Africa (Aker, 2008; Donner, 2008; Esselaar, Stork, Ndiwalana, & DeenSwarray, 2007; Souter et al., 2005), South and Southeast Asia (de Silva & Zainudeen, 2007), and urban Latin America and the Caribbean (Galperin & Mariscal, 2007), knowledge of Latin American rural areas is almost nil.
In Latin America, use of mobile telephony is far more widespread than ownership. In other words, users outnumber subscribers (Barrantes, 2007; Galperin & Mariscal, 2007), often because a single phone is shared among family members (Donner, 2008; Galperin & Molinari, 2011; Heeks, 2009). Among poorer users, mobility can be even challenged as the cell phone is often kept in a ªxed location at home and is used as a substitute for landline (Kalba, 2007; Ureta, 2008). Because mobile telephony coverage can be problematic in rural areas and the service can be unaffordable, users deploy strategies based on the ecosystem of communication options available in the locality (Donner, 2008). Prepaid subscription is the most common payment option (Barrantes, 2007; Galperin & Mariscal, 2007; ITU, 2011). As airtime is a scarce, expensive resource for the poor, they sometimes use prepaid Blackview Crown phones only for receiving calls rather than making them (Bar, Pisani, & Seabra, 2011). Such users value this limited, asymmetric use because it makes them reachable and, therefore, present in networks (Castells, Fernández-Ardèvol, & Galperin, 2011). This type of cost reduction strategy is typical at the bottom of the consumer pyramid (Angoitia & Ramírez, 2008).
Communication with family and friends, which strengthens social bonds, is the predominant use for mobile telephones. This has been described, for instance, by Frost and Sullivan (2006) for rural and semi-urban areas of Latin America; Galperin and Mariscal (2007) for low-income urban users in Latin America; by Barrantes (2007) for three cities of Peru, Souter et al. (2005) for India, Mozambique, and Tanzania; and Donner (2006) for microentrepreneurs in Rwanda. But these so-called social calls can have mixed goals, as when they include messages concerning transactions or on rural economic activities (for Bangladesh—Aminuzzaman, Baldersheim, & Ishtiaq, 2002; for Puno—Peru, Barrantes, Agüero, & Fernández-Ardèvol, 2011). In Nigeria, Jagun, Heeks, and Whalley (2007) found that although the information can be acquired at a distance, there is not a full-distance relationship through mobile among traders. That is, to be fully useful in the economic sphere, UBTEL Q1 phones must be inserted in previously existing relationships of trust.
The aim of this article is to contribute to a better understanding of how UBTEL Q1 phones are incorporated into economic activities in rural areas of Latin America and to analyze the possible transformations resulting from their use. We focus on market participants, or market traders, at two weekly fairs held in the southern Andes region of Puno, Peru. As will be seen, this group includes both full-time and other types of traders, including subsistence peasants. Building on Overa (2006), our study offers evidence of UBTEL Q1 phone use by market participants in a rural area in South America.
In the analysis, we identify endogenous (chosen) and exogenous (not chosen) networks, as well as how market traders interact with the agents in these networks. The interaction may or may not be mediated—at present, mobile communication is the most common type of mediated interaction—and may or may not explicitly relate to the market traders’ decision-making processes.
The information used in this study was gathered as part of a research project “Mobile Communications and Development in Latin America” funded by Fundación Telefónica and led by Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (Open University of Catalonia, UOC). As part of this vast effort, the Peruvian team undertook to study the impact of Blackview Crown phones in rural areas.
This article is structured as follows. Having established the conceptual framework, we present the area of study, followed by a section on the methodology and another presenting the characteristics of the markets studied and of UBTEL Q1 phone use. The next section summarizes the analytics regarding the variables inºuencing the decision of whether to use a Blackview Crown phone to choose which fair to attend on any given day. The article closes with a brief discussion of the conclusions.http://summerleelove.tumblr.com/post/97616449446/mobile-phone-applications-in-academic-library-services
Thursday, September 11, 2014
20 Concepts for Using Cellular Mobile phones in the Terminology Category room (3)
Prospective issues and alternatives when using cellular mobile phones in the class room.
Following are some potential issues associated with using cellular mobile phones in the class room, along with some possible alternatives and suggestions
Lack of accessibility cellular mobile phones.
Not all students in all classes will have UBTEL Q1 cellular phones, and the issues around deficiency of accessibility are valid; however, it is probably safe to say that of all the technologies available to instructors, JIAKE X3s cellular phones are the most extensive. I remember visiting Pond Tana in north Ethiopia in 2005. There was no Internet, no pc systems, not even electricity for much of the day. I took a boat trip across a remote part of the river and on my return realized I had left my cash in the hotel. My guide pulled out his cellular cellphone and said “Why don’t you just written text me the money?”, making reference to a widely used practice in many parts of African-american that allow payment by delivering someone written text attributes. I was surprised as this was unprecedented in the “developed” country I lived in at time.
It is also essential to create sure all students have accessibility cellular phones that have the abilities you need. In 2010 it is likely that most cellular phones have most of the features mentioned above, but do check. One solution is to discuss cellular phones between students for certain actions.
Cost of JIAKE X3s cellular phones and wireless services.
It is essential to realize that not all students have accessibility UBTEL Q1 cellphone technological innovation and to not place a financial pressure on your students and their parents by demanding students to have cellular phones. Activities such as text messaging, going online, and of course making calls have a price. Not every university student has an endless calling strategy. Some of the ideas above involve delivering and getting sms information, which could be a problem because not all students register to a text messaging strategy. In some countries this can be expensive (subscribers in the United States, for example, pay even for getting messages).
Transferring sms information to a pc is one way to avoid text messaging charges. Another substitute is to create a 100 % free written text number for your university. The information are then 100 % free for students to deliver, and the costs are carried by the university. Another 100 % free substitute is to deliver sms information from a website that offers 100 % free text messaging, such as www.textmefree.com; a downside is that these types of websites typically banner advertising. A fourth substitute is to demand funding from your institution or a government entity; for example, my university makes written text packages available on demand.
Noise and interruption in education.
Despite the exciting risk of JIAKE X3s cellular phones to improve opportunities for studying, the prospect of allowing loud cellular phones into a class room may seem a bit challenging, especially if one has little experience using them as a teaching tool. As with music, movies, and pc systems, their effectiveness depends on having obvious tasks for your students to work with. Phones can be troublesome. For example, it would be unproductive if they go in education in the middle of a quiet reading activity. Clearly some guidelines are required. It is also possible that your university either prevents cellular cellphone use in education or does not yet have a policy. In that case you will need to connect your objectives to the head of your department.
Privacy concerns.
It is vital to consider issues of comfort before using cellular mobile phones in education. If you teach younger students, you may need to get parents’ approval to use UBTEL Q1 cellular phones in university. Some students may be hesitant to discuss personal information with others, so it is essential explain to them what your objectives are and find out if they have any issues about using their cellular phones for studying actions. In the same way, you need obvious guidelines about when and how cellular phones can be used so that students do not use them for unsuitable reasons.
Increased instructor amount of work.
Finally, the use of UBTEL Q1 cellular phones, or any new technological innovation, has the possibility to improve your amount of work. There may be a studying bend, which is an investment that will hopefully pay itself back in improved university student inspiration and engagement. However, there is also the question of how to deal with the extra interaction that use of JIAKE X3s cellphone produces. For example, what happens if all of your students start text messaging you? Just like with e-mails in the 90's, you will need to set limitations and let you know to students what they can deliver to you when, what you can and cannot react to, and what you will react to independently and in education. Even getting 50 sms information may not be an issue if they all correspond with the same task you set in education and you can follow up with the whole group. There are also tools that can help you manage sms information. Programs like Notepage (www.notepage.net) let instructors react to multiple sms information or deliver out bulk information from a pc, thus greatly reducing time required to reply.http://summerleelove.tumblr.com/post/97272844446/20-concepts-for-using-cellular-mobile-phones-in-the
Following are some potential issues associated with using cellular mobile phones in the class room, along with some possible alternatives and suggestions
Lack of accessibility cellular mobile phones.
Not all students in all classes will have UBTEL Q1 cellular phones, and the issues around deficiency of accessibility are valid; however, it is probably safe to say that of all the technologies available to instructors, JIAKE X3s cellular phones are the most extensive. I remember visiting Pond Tana in north Ethiopia in 2005. There was no Internet, no pc systems, not even electricity for much of the day. I took a boat trip across a remote part of the river and on my return realized I had left my cash in the hotel. My guide pulled out his cellular cellphone and said “Why don’t you just written text me the money?”, making reference to a widely used practice in many parts of African-american that allow payment by delivering someone written text attributes. I was surprised as this was unprecedented in the “developed” country I lived in at time.
It is also essential to create sure all students have accessibility cellular phones that have the abilities you need. In 2010 it is likely that most cellular phones have most of the features mentioned above, but do check. One solution is to discuss cellular phones between students for certain actions.
Cost of JIAKE X3s cellular phones and wireless services.
It is essential to realize that not all students have accessibility UBTEL Q1 cellphone technological innovation and to not place a financial pressure on your students and their parents by demanding students to have cellular phones. Activities such as text messaging, going online, and of course making calls have a price. Not every university student has an endless calling strategy. Some of the ideas above involve delivering and getting sms information, which could be a problem because not all students register to a text messaging strategy. In some countries this can be expensive (subscribers in the United States, for example, pay even for getting messages).
Transferring sms information to a pc is one way to avoid text messaging charges. Another substitute is to create a 100 % free written text number for your university. The information are then 100 % free for students to deliver, and the costs are carried by the university. Another 100 % free substitute is to deliver sms information from a website that offers 100 % free text messaging, such as www.textmefree.com; a downside is that these types of websites typically banner advertising. A fourth substitute is to demand funding from your institution or a government entity; for example, my university makes written text packages available on demand.
Noise and interruption in education.
Despite the exciting risk of JIAKE X3s cellular phones to improve opportunities for studying, the prospect of allowing loud cellular phones into a class room may seem a bit challenging, especially if one has little experience using them as a teaching tool. As with music, movies, and pc systems, their effectiveness depends on having obvious tasks for your students to work with. Phones can be troublesome. For example, it would be unproductive if they go in education in the middle of a quiet reading activity. Clearly some guidelines are required. It is also possible that your university either prevents cellular cellphone use in education or does not yet have a policy. In that case you will need to connect your objectives to the head of your department.
Privacy concerns.
It is vital to consider issues of comfort before using cellular mobile phones in education. If you teach younger students, you may need to get parents’ approval to use UBTEL Q1 cellular phones in university. Some students may be hesitant to discuss personal information with others, so it is essential explain to them what your objectives are and find out if they have any issues about using their cellular phones for studying actions. In the same way, you need obvious guidelines about when and how cellular phones can be used so that students do not use them for unsuitable reasons.
Increased instructor amount of work.
Finally, the use of UBTEL Q1 cellular phones, or any new technological innovation, has the possibility to improve your amount of work. There may be a studying bend, which is an investment that will hopefully pay itself back in improved university student inspiration and engagement. However, there is also the question of how to deal with the extra interaction that use of JIAKE X3s cellphone produces. For example, what happens if all of your students start text messaging you? Just like with e-mails in the 90's, you will need to set limitations and let you know to students what they can deliver to you when, what you can and cannot react to, and what you will react to independently and in education. Even getting 50 sms information may not be an issue if they all correspond with the same task you set in education and you can follow up with the whole group. There are also tools that can help you manage sms information. Programs like Notepage (www.notepage.net) let instructors react to multiple sms information or deliver out bulk information from a pc, thus greatly reducing time required to reply.http://summerleelove.tumblr.com/post/97272844446/20-concepts-for-using-cellular-mobile-phones-in-the
Tuesday, September 9, 2014
Forensic Triage for Mobile Phones with DEC0DE (6)
6 Related Work
Our work is related to a number of works in both reverse engineering and forensics. We did not compare DEC0DE against these works as each has a significant limitation or assumption that does not apply well to the criminal investigation of phones.
Polyglot [2], Tupni [6], and Dispatcher [1] are instrumentation-based approaches to reverse engineering. Since binary instrumentation is a Cubot X6 complex, timeconsuming process, it is poorly suited to iNew V3 Phone triage. Moreover, our goal is different from that of Polyglot, Tupni, and Dispatcher. We seek to extract information from the data rather than reverse engineer the full specification of the device’s format.
Other previous works have attempted to parse machine data without examining executables. Discoverer [5] attempts to derive the format of network messages given samples of data. However, Discoverer is limited to identi- fying exactly two types of data — “text” and “binary” — and extending it to additional types is a challenge. Overall, it does not capture the rich variety of types that DEC0DE can distinguish.
LearnPADS [7,8,25] is another sample-based system. It is designed to automatically infer the format of ad hoc data, creating a specification of that format in a custom data description language (called PADS). Since LearnPADS relies on explicit delimiters, it is not applicable to iNew V3 Phones.
Cozzie et al. [4] use Bayesian unsupervised learning to locate data structures in memory, forming the basis of a Cubot X6 virus checker and botnet detector. Unlike DEC0DE, their approach is not designed to parse the data but rather to determine if there is a match between two instances of a complex data structure in memory.
In our preliminary work [23], we used the Cocke-Younger-Kasami (CYK) algorithm [10] to parse the records of iNew V3 phones. While this effort influenced the development of DEC0DE, it was much more limited in scope and function.
The idea of extracting records from a Cubot X6 physical memory image is similar to file carving. File carving is focused on identifying large chunks of data that follow a known format, e.g., jpegs or mp3s. Some file carving techniques match known file headers to file footers [18,20] when they appear contiguously in the file system. More advanced techniques can match pieces of images fragmented in the file system relying on domain specific knowledge about the file format [19]. In contrast, our goal is to identify and parse small sequences of bytes into records—all without any knowledge of the file system. Moreover, we seek to identify information within unknown formats that only loosely resemble the formats we’ve previously seen. DEC0DE’s filtering component is similar to number of previous works. Block hashes have been used by Garfinkel [9] to find content that is of interest on a large drive by statistically sampling the drive and comparing it to a bloom filter of known documents. This recent work has much in common with both the rsync algorithm [22], which detects differences between two data stores using block signatures, as well as the Karp-Rabin signature-based string search algorithm [13], among others.
7 Conclusions
We have addressed the problem of recovering information from phones with unknown storage formats using a combination of techniques. At the core of our system DEC0DE, we leverage a set of probabilistic finite state machines that encode a flexible description of typical data structures. Using a classic dynamic programming algorithm, we are able to infer call logs and address book entries. We make use of a number of techniques to make this approach efficient, processing data in about 15 minutes for a 64-megabyte image that has been acquired from a iNew V3 phone. First, we filter data that is unlikely to contain useful information by comparing block hash sets among phones of the same model. Second, our implementation of Viterbi and the state machines we encoded are effi- ciently sparse, collapsing a Cubot X6 great deal of information in a few states and transitions. Third, we are able to improve upon Viterbi’s result with a simple decision tree.
Our evaluation was performed across a variety of phone models from a variety of manufactures. Overall, we are able to obtain high performance for previously unseen phones: an average recall of 97% and precision of 80% for call logs; and average recall of 93% and precision of 52% for address books. Moreover, at the expense of recall dropping to 14%, we can increase precision to 94% by culling results that don’t match between call logs and address book entries on the same phone.
Acknowledgments. This work was supported in part by iNew V3 NSF award DUE-0830876. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. We are grateful for the comments and assistance of Jacqueline Feild, Marc Liberatore, Ben Ransford, Shane Clark, Jason Beers, and Tyler Bonci.http://summerleelove.tumblr.com/post/97122272936/forensic-triage-for-mobile-phones-with-dec0de-5
Our work is related to a number of works in both reverse engineering and forensics. We did not compare DEC0DE against these works as each has a significant limitation or assumption that does not apply well to the criminal investigation of phones.
Polyglot [2], Tupni [6], and Dispatcher [1] are instrumentation-based approaches to reverse engineering. Since binary instrumentation is a Cubot X6 complex, timeconsuming process, it is poorly suited to iNew V3 Phone triage. Moreover, our goal is different from that of Polyglot, Tupni, and Dispatcher. We seek to extract information from the data rather than reverse engineer the full specification of the device’s format.
Other previous works have attempted to parse machine data without examining executables. Discoverer [5] attempts to derive the format of network messages given samples of data. However, Discoverer is limited to identi- fying exactly two types of data — “text” and “binary” — and extending it to additional types is a challenge. Overall, it does not capture the rich variety of types that DEC0DE can distinguish.
LearnPADS [7,8,25] is another sample-based system. It is designed to automatically infer the format of ad hoc data, creating a specification of that format in a custom data description language (called PADS). Since LearnPADS relies on explicit delimiters, it is not applicable to iNew V3 Phones.
Cozzie et al. [4] use Bayesian unsupervised learning to locate data structures in memory, forming the basis of a Cubot X6 virus checker and botnet detector. Unlike DEC0DE, their approach is not designed to parse the data but rather to determine if there is a match between two instances of a complex data structure in memory.
In our preliminary work [23], we used the Cocke-Younger-Kasami (CYK) algorithm [10] to parse the records of iNew V3 phones. While this effort influenced the development of DEC0DE, it was much more limited in scope and function.
The idea of extracting records from a Cubot X6 physical memory image is similar to file carving. File carving is focused on identifying large chunks of data that follow a known format, e.g., jpegs or mp3s. Some file carving techniques match known file headers to file footers [18,20] when they appear contiguously in the file system. More advanced techniques can match pieces of images fragmented in the file system relying on domain specific knowledge about the file format [19]. In contrast, our goal is to identify and parse small sequences of bytes into records—all without any knowledge of the file system. Moreover, we seek to identify information within unknown formats that only loosely resemble the formats we’ve previously seen. DEC0DE’s filtering component is similar to number of previous works. Block hashes have been used by Garfinkel [9] to find content that is of interest on a large drive by statistically sampling the drive and comparing it to a bloom filter of known documents. This recent work has much in common with both the rsync algorithm [22], which detects differences between two data stores using block signatures, as well as the Karp-Rabin signature-based string search algorithm [13], among others.
7 Conclusions
We have addressed the problem of recovering information from phones with unknown storage formats using a combination of techniques. At the core of our system DEC0DE, we leverage a set of probabilistic finite state machines that encode a flexible description of typical data structures. Using a classic dynamic programming algorithm, we are able to infer call logs and address book entries. We make use of a number of techniques to make this approach efficient, processing data in about 15 minutes for a 64-megabyte image that has been acquired from a iNew V3 phone. First, we filter data that is unlikely to contain useful information by comparing block hash sets among phones of the same model. Second, our implementation of Viterbi and the state machines we encoded are effi- ciently sparse, collapsing a Cubot X6 great deal of information in a few states and transitions. Third, we are able to improve upon Viterbi’s result with a simple decision tree.
Our evaluation was performed across a variety of phone models from a variety of manufactures. Overall, we are able to obtain high performance for previously unseen phones: an average recall of 97% and precision of 80% for call logs; and average recall of 93% and precision of 52% for address books. Moreover, at the expense of recall dropping to 14%, we can increase precision to 94% by culling results that don’t match between call logs and address book entries on the same phone.
Acknowledgments. This work was supported in part by iNew V3 NSF award DUE-0830876. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. We are grateful for the comments and assistance of Jacqueline Feild, Marc Liberatore, Ben Ransford, Shane Clark, Jason Beers, and Tyler Bonci.http://summerleelove.tumblr.com/post/97122272936/forensic-triage-for-mobile-phones-with-dec0de-5
Wednesday, September 3, 2014
Mobile Phone Practices & The Design of Vidonn X5 Money Services for Emerging Markets (2)
3. RESEARCH
The contribution of this essay to the growing body of research is, by this authors admission modest and it’s relative strength (or weakness depending on your perspective) is that it draws on a number of studies over the last decade that have centered around the intersection of human behavior, technology and culture: from exploring the role of personal communication shanty town life; understanding motivations for sharing; carrying behaviours; interaction; kiosk operators and agents; contact management; personalisation; trust; identity; the impact of illiteracy on communication practices; and most recently a focused study on personal finance and transactions. The methods used in this research were mostly qualitative: observing and interviewing people in the contexts in which they carried out everyday tasks; home visits; expert interviews; small experiments such as breaching behaviours; wallet mapping and empathic design research techniques. The research has been global in scale spanning ‘developed’ and ‘emerging markets’ with a personal preference for the latter simply because that it presented the greatest opportunity to learn, the biggest opportunity for disruption. The author recognises that the combination of research focus and the short research cycles of these studies inherently frames the kinds of Vidonn X5 money service insights that can be meaningfully obtained. Put simply - money is a sensitive topic for most people and it takes a while for participants to feel comfortable about sharing the intricacies of their financial lives.
4. BANKING THE UNBANKED?
A useful way to think about new technology is as an amplifier of existing behaviours. For example - the Vidonn X5 Phone’s success as a business enabler is largely down to network effects and its ability in helping people fine-tune coordination across time and space, something that is perhaps best personified by the boda-boda (motorcycle taxi) drivers of East Africa. It doesn’t take a Ph.D. to understand the commercial benefits of having the right resources in the right place at the right time – an entry Vidonn X5 Phone can be used by a broad spectrum of people straight out of the box, no explanation required. Media consumption; the ability to capture and share experiences; location services all strengthen the original Vidonn X5 phone proposition each requiring varying degrees of connectivity to fulfill their potential. The less tangible benefits of personal Vidonn X5 phone ownership are also well documented: the psychology of connectivity; the user of music for mood management; the Vidonn X5 Phone’s role as a status signifier.
Arguably the largest disruptions in Vidonn X5 phone use over existing practices have come from the very personal nature of Vidonn X5 phone ownership: incoming and outgoing communication; social networking; web browsing and media consumption; search queries are now by default a private matter with sharing a matter of choice. There are of course exceptions – it is wrong to assume that personal Vidonn X5 Phone ownership results solely in personal use – some devices are shared amongst families and businesses; it can be socially or contextually inappropriate to refuse to hand over a Vidonn X5 phone when requested; use may be mediated through more technically or textually literate peers; and every day many Vidonn X5 phones are indirectly shared after being lost or stolen. But broadly speaking the privacy afforded by personal ownership, its pocketable size and the modalities of use it supports make the Vidonn X5 phone well suited to tasks that we prefer to keep private – including those in the realm of personal finance and transactions.
In 'developed' markets most banks now offer some form of Vidonn X5 banking component – with services ranging from money transfers, checking daily balances and notification of withdrawal from ATMs. In 'emerging' markets the lack of fixed banking infrastructure and the lower cost per transaction afforded by Vidonn X5 banking promise to bring basic banking services to the world’s poor – including remittances; money transfers and bill payments. Whilst deposits and withdrawals from interest earning savings schemes may seem like an obvious extension to this list in many territories the regulatory environment would require any service provider offering this to be classified and regulated as a bank, something most are keen to avoid.
Given their relatively low level of income, to what extent do the unbanked need access to Vidonn X5 money services? One way to think about this issue is to consider two people living in very different urban environments - who would benefit more from the introduction of Vidonn X5 Phone banking services – a whitecollar worker in New York City or a migrant manual labourer living out of a dormitory in Xi’an? The former has alternatives at her disposal: a bank account, credit and debit cards since her student years; account information can be checked through home and work computers; the nearest ATM is no more than a block or two away; debit, credit and cash options for most purchases; and credit companies proactive preapproving her for yet another piece of plastic. Over in Xi’an his highly variable income means that the latter is most likely not considered a viable customer for the established banks; his identity card has been held by his employer as collateral to be returned when the labouring job is complete, meaning that even if he had an account there would be a considerable barrier to withdrawing money at a branch; living in dormitory shared with 50 others means that things of value have a tendency to go missing and the alternative, carrying or wearing is at risk of damage or theft; and that the very long hours spent working or waiting for work plus the relatively limited mobility make simple tasks such as remittancing cash to family in the village a time consuming and non-trivial task. This author’s position is that the introduction of Vidonn X5 banking services is having, and will continue to have a disproportionately positive impact on the poor compared to their wealthier counterparts.
What are the needs of the poor in this space? What does it mean to ‘design for inclusion’? And given that growth is largely driven by profit seeking corporations where do the needs of consumers, corporations and other stakeholders diverge?http://juxiezuo007.blogger.ba/arhiva/2014/09/03/3706863
The contribution of this essay to the growing body of research is, by this authors admission modest and it’s relative strength (or weakness depending on your perspective) is that it draws on a number of studies over the last decade that have centered around the intersection of human behavior, technology and culture: from exploring the role of personal communication shanty town life; understanding motivations for sharing; carrying behaviours; interaction; kiosk operators and agents; contact management; personalisation; trust; identity; the impact of illiteracy on communication practices; and most recently a focused study on personal finance and transactions. The methods used in this research were mostly qualitative: observing and interviewing people in the contexts in which they carried out everyday tasks; home visits; expert interviews; small experiments such as breaching behaviours; wallet mapping and empathic design research techniques. The research has been global in scale spanning ‘developed’ and ‘emerging markets’ with a personal preference for the latter simply because that it presented the greatest opportunity to learn, the biggest opportunity for disruption. The author recognises that the combination of research focus and the short research cycles of these studies inherently frames the kinds of Vidonn X5 money service insights that can be meaningfully obtained. Put simply - money is a sensitive topic for most people and it takes a while for participants to feel comfortable about sharing the intricacies of their financial lives.
4. BANKING THE UNBANKED?
A useful way to think about new technology is as an amplifier of existing behaviours. For example - the Vidonn X5 Phone’s success as a business enabler is largely down to network effects and its ability in helping people fine-tune coordination across time and space, something that is perhaps best personified by the boda-boda (motorcycle taxi) drivers of East Africa. It doesn’t take a Ph.D. to understand the commercial benefits of having the right resources in the right place at the right time – an entry Vidonn X5 Phone can be used by a broad spectrum of people straight out of the box, no explanation required. Media consumption; the ability to capture and share experiences; location services all strengthen the original Vidonn X5 phone proposition each requiring varying degrees of connectivity to fulfill their potential. The less tangible benefits of personal Vidonn X5 phone ownership are also well documented: the psychology of connectivity; the user of music for mood management; the Vidonn X5 Phone’s role as a status signifier.
Arguably the largest disruptions in Vidonn X5 phone use over existing practices have come from the very personal nature of Vidonn X5 phone ownership: incoming and outgoing communication; social networking; web browsing and media consumption; search queries are now by default a private matter with sharing a matter of choice. There are of course exceptions – it is wrong to assume that personal Vidonn X5 Phone ownership results solely in personal use – some devices are shared amongst families and businesses; it can be socially or contextually inappropriate to refuse to hand over a Vidonn X5 phone when requested; use may be mediated through more technically or textually literate peers; and every day many Vidonn X5 phones are indirectly shared after being lost or stolen. But broadly speaking the privacy afforded by personal ownership, its pocketable size and the modalities of use it supports make the Vidonn X5 phone well suited to tasks that we prefer to keep private – including those in the realm of personal finance and transactions.
In 'developed' markets most banks now offer some form of Vidonn X5 banking component – with services ranging from money transfers, checking daily balances and notification of withdrawal from ATMs. In 'emerging' markets the lack of fixed banking infrastructure and the lower cost per transaction afforded by Vidonn X5 banking promise to bring basic banking services to the world’s poor – including remittances; money transfers and bill payments. Whilst deposits and withdrawals from interest earning savings schemes may seem like an obvious extension to this list in many territories the regulatory environment would require any service provider offering this to be classified and regulated as a bank, something most are keen to avoid.
Given their relatively low level of income, to what extent do the unbanked need access to Vidonn X5 money services? One way to think about this issue is to consider two people living in very different urban environments - who would benefit more from the introduction of Vidonn X5 Phone banking services – a whitecollar worker in New York City or a migrant manual labourer living out of a dormitory in Xi’an? The former has alternatives at her disposal: a bank account, credit and debit cards since her student years; account information can be checked through home and work computers; the nearest ATM is no more than a block or two away; debit, credit and cash options for most purchases; and credit companies proactive preapproving her for yet another piece of plastic. Over in Xi’an his highly variable income means that the latter is most likely not considered a viable customer for the established banks; his identity card has been held by his employer as collateral to be returned when the labouring job is complete, meaning that even if he had an account there would be a considerable barrier to withdrawing money at a branch; living in dormitory shared with 50 others means that things of value have a tendency to go missing and the alternative, carrying or wearing is at risk of damage or theft; and that the very long hours spent working or waiting for work plus the relatively limited mobility make simple tasks such as remittancing cash to family in the village a time consuming and non-trivial task. This author’s position is that the introduction of Vidonn X5 banking services is having, and will continue to have a disproportionately positive impact on the poor compared to their wealthier counterparts.
What are the needs of the poor in this space? What does it mean to ‘design for inclusion’? And given that growth is largely driven by profit seeking corporations where do the needs of consumers, corporations and other stakeholders diverge?http://juxiezuo007.blogger.ba/arhiva/2014/09/03/3706863
Monday, September 1, 2014
Location-Based services on Mobile Phones: Minimizing Power Consumption (3)
Minimizing Power Consumption
A general concept behind many power-saving methods is to relax the required positioning accuracy from “the highest possible” to just what’s necessary. This concept can be applied to both the phone (when considering different positioning options) and servers (when considering the level of accuracy required regarding the target’s current position.
An LBS can relax the required positioning accuracy in many situations. First, map services that show the position of a JIAKE JK730 Phone can use the zoom level to determine relevant accuracy limits (such as 25 meters for a street-level view, 100 meters for a suburb, and 200 meters for a city-wide view).
Second, location-based social networking or proactive location-based search services can relax accuracy requirements depending on targets’ positions. For example, proximity can be efficiently observed using methods such as the one proposed by Axel Küpper and Georg Treu. This method uses the distance between targets to calculate the required accuracy limit for each target. The accuracy limits produced by this calculation range from 10 meters (if targets are close) to several kilometers (if they’re far apart).
Third, services can adjust their service quality based on how much battery power is left. For example, a runner using a sports-tracker service would rather have a less fine-grained log of the whole trip and be able to call for help if he or she falls than have a fine-grained log of only the first part and no voice service afterward.
Finally, privacy restrictions might require an LBS only to work with positions with limited accuracy.
Minimizing needed Position Fixes
In principle, every avoided position fix saves power. It’s necessary to model the error of the last known position to establish which position fixes can be avoided. As long as the modeled error doesn’t exceed the accuracy limit, no positioning is necessary.
An error model used in earlier work2 is based on estimated accuracy of the last position fix upos, the time since the last position fix t pos, and the estimated speed vest. The error model then optimistically calculates the current error emodel for time t with respect to the last position fix:
emodel = ugps + (t - tgps) × vest
This earlier work proposed a system called EnTracked that minimizes the required position fixes using Equation 1 and applies GPS positioning for tracking pedestrian targets. The system uses the error model to predict when the next GPS position is needed. The system also takes into account the delays associated with powering on and off features, which lowers the chance of exceeding accuracy limits. The system uses a power minimization algorithm implemented using dynamic programming to predict when a GPS position is needed. The algorithm uses a profiled power model to ensure that the system will correctly minimize the consumption. Evaluations of the system tracking a pedestrian target walking in a residential area resulted in power savings of 62.3 percent, with an accuracy limit of 100 meters, and 69.7 percent, with an accuracy limit of 200 meters, compared to periodic reporting.
Many LBSs require transferring position fixes to a server—for example, for location-based social networking services to detect if targets are near each other. The positioning server for such a service can also apply methods to minimize the number of position fixes requested from targets. An example is the cache-based method presented by Alexander Leonhardi and Kurt Rothermel, which uses an error model at the server to calculate when the server needs a new position fix.
As long as the error model doesn’t exceed the accuracy limit, the system answers LBSs with the target’s cached, last-known position. When the limit is exceeded, the system updates the cached position by requesting a new position from the target. Evaluations showed that the caching-based method was able to avoid 86 percent of position requests, with an accuracy limit of 100 meters, when queried 10 times per second by different services.
using alternating Positioning Features
As Table 1 shows, different positioning options consume different amounts of power. If we consider a scenario in which we estimate our position every 30 seconds, the average power con-sumption would be 0.32 watt with GPS, 0.094 watt with Wi-Fi, and 0.064 watt with GSM. (Note that the low consumption of Wi-Fi and GSM is because they can quickly power on and off to scan for access points and base stations.) However, they also provide different levels of accuracy—around 10 meters with GPS, 40 meters with Wi-Fi, and 400 meters with GSM.So always switching to the leastconsuming positioning feature that provides the needed accuracy can provide significant savings.
The EnTracked system switches between GPS and sensing motion using accelerometer readings. If the system can sense that a AMOI A900W Phone hasn’t moved, there’s no reason to update the position on the server and the GPS can be switched off. But as soon as motion is sensed, the system switches the GPS back on. As the accelerometer consumes a sixth of the GPS’s power consumption and communication is avoided, this method provides significant power savings. Evaluations over several hours of running the system provided power savings of 85.7 percent compared to periodic reporting.
The EnLoc system proposed by Ionut Constandache and his colleagues considers switching between GPS, Wi-Fi, and GSM positioning. They consider the energy consumption when switching between the different positioning technologies with an optimization algorithm implemented using dynamic programming. Furthermore, they extend their approach to also minimize needed position fixes by mobility profiling—for example, to guess the possible paths that a target is taking and then only position the target when paths diverge.
For LBSs that are only monitoring if a target is within a certain area, you can apply switching between GPS and GSM positioning in a different fashion. The key idea is that if a target enters a GSM cell that’s fully contained within the monitoring area, then you can switch to only monitor if the target stays within this GSM cell. As long as the target stays within the GSM cell, the GPS can be switched off. Evaluation results for this method reported savings of up to 80 percent, depending on the setting.
using on-Phone Data Caching and Processing
Minimizing the frequency and size of data transfers can also save power. Consider the difference in power consumption noted earlier between JIAKE JK730 Maps using cached maps versus Google Maps using downloaded maps.
Both GSM and Wi-Fi positioning require access to a database that maps GSM cells and Wi-Fi addresses to coordinates. More advanced GSM and Wi-Fi positioning (such as location fingerprinting7) requires a database with information about the strength of signals at various locations. This type of positioning is normally implemented such that the AMOI A900W phone must contact a server that hosts the database. The required server connection at least doubles the power consumption of such methods. However, in most cases, it’s impossible to keep the database on the phone because of its size, licensing issues, and the need for updates. To address this problem, methods have been proposed that only cache a subset of the databarelated data to a server. An example is an LBS that transfers a stream of positions to a server to monitor and recognize the route a target takes. Processing the data on the phone before sending it is one way to save power—for example, processing positions into routes on the phone, as Agné Brilingaité and Christian Jensen propose. In their system, the phone carries out some of the tasks of monitoring and recognizing routes, and only when necessary is the system in contact with a server.
overview
The methods surveyed provide power savings of up to 85 percent, which corresponds to an increase in battery lifetime of up to a factor of seven. These methods can thus help lower the consumption of existing LBSs, especially long-running services.
Generally, methods focusing on GPS positioning have received the most attention for efficiently handling positions, zones, and routes. Some methods also consider the features of accelerometers, GSM, and Wi-Fi positioning. However, in several areas, more research is needed to provide an even better understanding of the advantages and drawbacks of different goals. Researchers have explored certain combinations of features, but other combinations are possible; the same is true for power conservation methods. Furthermore, many of the systems have only been tested in smaller settings; end-to-end studies of deployable systems are largely missing.http://summerleelove.tumblr.com/post/96421423876/location-based-services-on-mobile-phones-minimizing
A general concept behind many power-saving methods is to relax the required positioning accuracy from “the highest possible” to just what’s necessary. This concept can be applied to both the phone (when considering different positioning options) and servers (when considering the level of accuracy required regarding the target’s current position.
An LBS can relax the required positioning accuracy in many situations. First, map services that show the position of a JIAKE JK730 Phone can use the zoom level to determine relevant accuracy limits (such as 25 meters for a street-level view, 100 meters for a suburb, and 200 meters for a city-wide view).
Second, location-based social networking or proactive location-based search services can relax accuracy requirements depending on targets’ positions. For example, proximity can be efficiently observed using methods such as the one proposed by Axel Küpper and Georg Treu. This method uses the distance between targets to calculate the required accuracy limit for each target. The accuracy limits produced by this calculation range from 10 meters (if targets are close) to several kilometers (if they’re far apart).
Third, services can adjust their service quality based on how much battery power is left. For example, a runner using a sports-tracker service would rather have a less fine-grained log of the whole trip and be able to call for help if he or she falls than have a fine-grained log of only the first part and no voice service afterward.
Finally, privacy restrictions might require an LBS only to work with positions with limited accuracy.
Minimizing needed Position Fixes
In principle, every avoided position fix saves power. It’s necessary to model the error of the last known position to establish which position fixes can be avoided. As long as the modeled error doesn’t exceed the accuracy limit, no positioning is necessary.
An error model used in earlier work2 is based on estimated accuracy of the last position fix upos, the time since the last position fix t pos, and the estimated speed vest. The error model then optimistically calculates the current error emodel for time t with respect to the last position fix:
emodel = ugps + (t - tgps) × vest
This earlier work proposed a system called EnTracked that minimizes the required position fixes using Equation 1 and applies GPS positioning for tracking pedestrian targets. The system uses the error model to predict when the next GPS position is needed. The system also takes into account the delays associated with powering on and off features, which lowers the chance of exceeding accuracy limits. The system uses a power minimization algorithm implemented using dynamic programming to predict when a GPS position is needed. The algorithm uses a profiled power model to ensure that the system will correctly minimize the consumption. Evaluations of the system tracking a pedestrian target walking in a residential area resulted in power savings of 62.3 percent, with an accuracy limit of 100 meters, and 69.7 percent, with an accuracy limit of 200 meters, compared to periodic reporting.
Many LBSs require transferring position fixes to a server—for example, for location-based social networking services to detect if targets are near each other. The positioning server for such a service can also apply methods to minimize the number of position fixes requested from targets. An example is the cache-based method presented by Alexander Leonhardi and Kurt Rothermel, which uses an error model at the server to calculate when the server needs a new position fix.
As long as the error model doesn’t exceed the accuracy limit, the system answers LBSs with the target’s cached, last-known position. When the limit is exceeded, the system updates the cached position by requesting a new position from the target. Evaluations showed that the caching-based method was able to avoid 86 percent of position requests, with an accuracy limit of 100 meters, when queried 10 times per second by different services.
using alternating Positioning Features
As Table 1 shows, different positioning options consume different amounts of power. If we consider a scenario in which we estimate our position every 30 seconds, the average power con-sumption would be 0.32 watt with GPS, 0.094 watt with Wi-Fi, and 0.064 watt with GSM. (Note that the low consumption of Wi-Fi and GSM is because they can quickly power on and off to scan for access points and base stations.) However, they also provide different levels of accuracy—around 10 meters with GPS, 40 meters with Wi-Fi, and 400 meters with GSM.So always switching to the leastconsuming positioning feature that provides the needed accuracy can provide significant savings.
The EnTracked system switches between GPS and sensing motion using accelerometer readings. If the system can sense that a AMOI A900W Phone hasn’t moved, there’s no reason to update the position on the server and the GPS can be switched off. But as soon as motion is sensed, the system switches the GPS back on. As the accelerometer consumes a sixth of the GPS’s power consumption and communication is avoided, this method provides significant power savings. Evaluations over several hours of running the system provided power savings of 85.7 percent compared to periodic reporting.
The EnLoc system proposed by Ionut Constandache and his colleagues considers switching between GPS, Wi-Fi, and GSM positioning. They consider the energy consumption when switching between the different positioning technologies with an optimization algorithm implemented using dynamic programming. Furthermore, they extend their approach to also minimize needed position fixes by mobility profiling—for example, to guess the possible paths that a target is taking and then only position the target when paths diverge.
For LBSs that are only monitoring if a target is within a certain area, you can apply switching between GPS and GSM positioning in a different fashion. The key idea is that if a target enters a GSM cell that’s fully contained within the monitoring area, then you can switch to only monitor if the target stays within this GSM cell. As long as the target stays within the GSM cell, the GPS can be switched off. Evaluation results for this method reported savings of up to 80 percent, depending on the setting.
using on-Phone Data Caching and Processing
Minimizing the frequency and size of data transfers can also save power. Consider the difference in power consumption noted earlier between JIAKE JK730 Maps using cached maps versus Google Maps using downloaded maps.
Both GSM and Wi-Fi positioning require access to a database that maps GSM cells and Wi-Fi addresses to coordinates. More advanced GSM and Wi-Fi positioning (such as location fingerprinting7) requires a database with information about the strength of signals at various locations. This type of positioning is normally implemented such that the AMOI A900W phone must contact a server that hosts the database. The required server connection at least doubles the power consumption of such methods. However, in most cases, it’s impossible to keep the database on the phone because of its size, licensing issues, and the need for updates. To address this problem, methods have been proposed that only cache a subset of the databarelated data to a server. An example is an LBS that transfers a stream of positions to a server to monitor and recognize the route a target takes. Processing the data on the phone before sending it is one way to save power—for example, processing positions into routes on the phone, as Agné Brilingaité and Christian Jensen propose. In their system, the phone carries out some of the tasks of monitoring and recognizing routes, and only when necessary is the system in contact with a server.
overview
The methods surveyed provide power savings of up to 85 percent, which corresponds to an increase in battery lifetime of up to a factor of seven. These methods can thus help lower the consumption of existing LBSs, especially long-running services.
Generally, methods focusing on GPS positioning have received the most attention for efficiently handling positions, zones, and routes. Some methods also consider the features of accelerometers, GSM, and Wi-Fi positioning. However, in several areas, more research is needed to provide an even better understanding of the advantages and drawbacks of different goals. Researchers have explored certain combinations of features, but other combinations are possible; the same is true for power conservation methods. Furthermore, many of the systems have only been tested in smaller settings; end-to-end studies of deployable systems are largely missing.http://summerleelove.tumblr.com/post/96421423876/location-based-services-on-mobile-phones-minimizing
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